1. All even numbers, added in pairs 2+4=6, 6+8=14, 10+12=22, 14+16=30, 18+20

2. Add pairs of numbers and take the ones digit only.

7+2=9, 2+9=11, 9+1=10, etc. leading to 5+8=13.

3. Sets of three values. Each set is three numbers: value, value², and value³. The first number of each set is one greater than the first number of the previous set.

The final set listed will thus be 4,16,64.

4. Take each letter and convert to which number in the alphabet it is (O is 15th letter of alphabet).
The missing next letter is for the S is PLUS which is 19.

5. 16/2 = 8; then 8*3 = 24; then 24/4 = 6; then 6*5 = 30; then 30/6=5

6. Runs made by adding three to the previous number; the runs starts over at the beginning of the previous run+1 after 4,5,6,etc. values:

7. Sets of three numbers: X, Y, then X^Y:
2¹=2
2²=4
2³=8
2⁴=16
2⁵=32

8. Modify the previous number by an increasing amount: 1,2,3,4,5,6,etc. However, the change is either positive or negative (this is a repeating sequence of three negatives followed by two positives).

To produce the final answer: 20-11=9.

9.
1+2+3=6
4+5+6=15
7+8+9=24

10. Convert from the digits to letters of the alphabet (5 is E, 20 is T, etc., with 0 being a space)...it spells out the beginning of the phrase THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED. So the next letter is an N and the answer is 14.